Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the commonest hormonal disorders affecting around 8-13% women of reproductive age (15-45 years).
It usually starts during adolescence, but symptoms may fluctuate over time. PCOS can cause hormonal imbalances, irregular periods, variations in menstrual flow, problems due to increased level of male hormones (acne, hirsutism- unwanted hair growth on face and chin, acanthosis-dark patches on face and neck).
PCOS is a leading cause of infertility. Irregular periods, usually with a lack of ovulation, can make it difficult to become pregnant.
PCOS is a chronic condition and cannot be cured but some symptoms can be improved through lifestyle changes, medications and fertility treatments. The biological and psychological effects of PCOS, particularly those related to obesity, body image and infertility, can lead to mental health challenges and social stigma.
The cause of PCOS is unknown but women with a family history or type 2 diabetes are at higher risk.
Common symptoms:
- Heavy, long, intermittent, unpredictable or absent periods
- Infertility
- Acne or oily skin
- Excessive hair on the face or body
- Male-pattern baldness or hair thinning
- Weight gain, especially around the belly.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome is diagnosed by the presence of at least two out of the following:
- Signs or symptoms of high androgens (unwanted facial or bodily hair, loss of hair from the head, acne or an elevated blood level of testosterone) – after other causes for this have been excluded;
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods – after other causes for this have been excluded; and
- Polycystic ovaries on an ultrasound scan.
Blood tests:
Women with PCOS can have elevated levels of
- Testosterone
- Oestrogen
- Luteinising Hormone (LH)
- Insulin
- Anti mullerian hormone
Risk associated with PCOS:
They are more likely to have…
- Type 2 diabetes
- Hypertension
- High cholesterol
- Heart disease
- Endometrial cancer
Treatment:
There is no cure for PCOS, but treatments can improve symptoms. Some symptoms of PCOS can be reduced through lifestyle changes. Eating a healthy diet and getting enough exercise can help reduce weight and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Birth control medicines (contraceptive pill) can help regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce symptoms. Other medicines can reduce acne or unwanted hair growth caused by PCOS. Treatments for infertility due to PCOS include lifestyle changes, medicines or surgery to stimulate regular ovulation. In-vitro fertilization (IVF) may be used but it has some risks.